Central Arizona’s Verde Valley and upper Verde River have been occupied by native peoples for thousands of years – at least back to the days when prehistoric bison roamed the southwest. The area has been an environmental borderland during this time, occupied in turn by peoples ancestral to the Hopi, Pima and Yavapai. Each took their turn in the valley as climate and subsistence technologies changed. We will discuss the prehistory specific to each of these tribes, as well as the changing environmental and subsistence factors which caused the shifts among peoples.